Diversity in the Hospitality Industry

Question: Talk about the Diversity in the Hospitality Industry. Answer: Presentation The cordiality and the travel industry pulls in various workforce but then even the administration level despite everything have issues of correspondence. Decent variety is identified with individuals and gatherings who have diverse social monetary foundations and physical possibilities who take part in various nations. Cordiality and the travel industry delivers a chance to see new social encounters for the staff and furthermore the customers who are visitors. Its essential for the representatives to comprehend and acknowledge the different societies to upgrade their associations with voyagers since they originate from a wide range of ages, races, religion, culture, statements of faith, and even shading. It is imperative to note, work environment decent variety not just facilitates the comprehension of societies, financial, and social viewpoints however ensures that administrations are conveyed to the customers fulfillment by giving extraordinary relational abilities. Job of Diversity in cordiality Industry. As per research, individuals all things considered, sexual orientation, races only yet to make reference to a couple, all experience some decent variety in the accommodation business. When looking at encountering the distinction in the friendliness business this implies it will influence both the visitors and the workers. Job of decent variety in the neighborliness business helps in making another workplaces and great conditions for the representatives and the visitors. Likewise, it is simple for individuals from a similar activity areas to interface to find out about their jobs. Furthermore, it is noticed that job of assorted variety in cordiality industry helps socials associations that prompts development of the traveler business (Enzy,2009). The sightseers see the accommodation business as very much created and its offices are progressed. Job of assorted variety expands equivalent work such that everybody can know, comprehend their job and set up as a regular occurrence everything gained from the others that are experts. Future Trends they Can Oversee Neighborliness industry, have created and as yet creating in an intense manner. As per research, future patterns that this industry will be more evolved than the ebb and flow. For example, the accommodation ventures will begin a program that an individual needs to book ahead of time either by call or on the web. Moreover, they will likewise begin another program. An individual needs to pay some charge month to month and the friendliness business would design the conference comprehensive of delight and numerous others offers. (Lashley, 2014) Furtherly, they would likewise design family travels comprehensive of an outing guide. The outing counsel is there until their get-away is over to manage, exhort and instruct them. Friendliness industry will likewise have online conveyance to the individuals that have paid their month to month charge (Raid, 2010). They will convey the online purchased merchandise on the predetermined time and spot as mentioned by the clients. Advantages and Problems of a Diverse Work Place. It is critical to take note of that for an industry to be effective it must be eager to acknowledge decent variety and comprehend the advantages that join it. To begin with there are numerous advantages that join decent variety in a friendliness industry. Expanded flexibility is the principal advantage this guides in getting arrangements identified with administrations (Nickson, 2010). Assortment of view focuses is the other advantage, this is the place the workforce makes a decent scaffold by correspondence and they give a superior plan to enhance their industry. On the hand difficulties are typical for an industry to be fruitful. Correspondence is the principal issue a great deal of businesses face, language hindrances ought to be stayed away from for a decent variety occasions to happen (Hales, 2013). An industry brings to the table arbitrary items not one item for an extensive stretch of time, the issue with cordiality industry is the protection from change. A few workers oppose change since they figure they will free their activity or there would be a change that would influence them legitimately. Significance of Diversity in General Regardless decent variety is significant in all work places in view of the various societies, races, and various races. To participate and help each other one must find out about the various societies and races and get them. For instance, in a nation there are distinctive ethnic gatherings and they all have various societies for there to be a comprehension there must be a scaffold that unites the ethnic gatherings and that is regard (Siguar, 2011). With deference comes cooperation and backing. On a similar blood, decent variety is significant for laborers since it is perceptible and it helps in building a decent notoriety for the business. This prompts development of the business, increment in benefits and the laborers are seen and there will be open doors for them. Besides, decent variety makes an individual to develop acknowledgment. By this an individual won't segregate or despise on another culture or race. One will communicate and take in new things from the various individuals, know their inclinations and find out about them. Strategies for decent variety utilized in the past contrasted and techniques presently utilized In the past strategies for managing decent variety are very surprising with the techniques right now utilized and the ones that will be utilized later on. Take for one, in the past setting up working lunch or supper was seldom utilized. As of now working short breather, working lunch and working supper are rehearsed by a ton of the business (OConner, 2012). This incorporates delight and work simultaneously. This makes companionship which is significant between coworkers. In decision there are a ton of conventions and they all have various restrictions. Before, they would consider that like the Muslims they would be permitted to take Some downtime To do what their religion expects them to do. Not at all like the current technique for managing decent variety each religion is dealt with similarly in all things (Perdue, 2015). There is no time one is permitted to do what the others are not doing. Later on it isn't certain whether this will continue or it will change over the long haul. References Enzy, A,( 2009), Hospitality Strategic, New York: Kluwer AcademicLashley, C, (2014), Hospitality: A Social focal point: Management ideas and Cases, London: GMB Publishers Reid, D, (2010), Hospitality Marketing office, Boston: Addison Wesley. Nickson, D, (2010), Human Resource Management for the Hospitality and Tourism Industry, Ohio: West Legal Studies Press. Hales, J, (2013), Accounting and Financial Analysis in The Hospitality Industry, New York: AMACOM Siguar, J, (2011), Hospitality Sales: Selling Smarter London: Harlow Pearson Education OConner, P (2012), utilizing PCs in cordiality, London: Sunny Press Perdue, R (2015), Consumer Physiology Of Tourism, Hospitality And Leisure New York: Weil Press

Concepts of Universal Design in Architecture

Ideas of Universal Design in Architecture There are numerous confusions encompassing the possibility of all inclusive plan. Individuals regularly accept that furnishing the handicapped with signage or a slope is adequate and rehearses the beliefs of general plan. What individuals must comprehend is that general structure is tied in with giving these essential comforts to the debilitated without isolating them from the standard of society. It is likewise about making a space that can withstand numerous conditions and the prevailing fashions of time as an ageless creation. In an all around structured world people groups contrasts are not featured by building utilization however are intended for and make consistency between clients. The base up hypothesis is looked to by numerous planners while setting up widespread space; it chips away at the reason that the structure clients, the designer is serving incorporate those with handicaps are altogether individuals who can be treated as expected people[2] and with this you should begin at the base of the pyramid and mean to arrive at the top and accomplish all inclusive plan. Inquiries to consider when planning a generally structured space might be the means by which this space will react to various situations or times and as the client or clients change what will be the reaction to how it is utilized. General structured has been laid out and characterized into seven rules that can be applied to a wide scope of zones including compositional spaces to item plan. Evenhanded use Adaptability being used Basic and natural Distinguishable data Resilience for mistake Low physical exertion Size and space for approach and use Access Living Headquarters Access Living is an association that began in the mid 1970s and has been focused on restoration and development of impaired people groups by the help of crippled people groups. This organization has individual with a huge number of incapacities and one of a kind difficulties that they experience. In March 5, 2007 LCM Architects lead by accomplice John H. Catlin, FAIA planned access livings fundamental home office in Chicago with not just an all inclusive concentration by as a practical structure heading. This 50,000 115 West Chicago Avenue. business impression for Access living really mirrors the crucial the organization and fortifies their beliefs to engage the choices accessible to contrasts of others. It has been granted the Barrier Free America Award from Paralyzed Veterans of America; A reasonable structure grant from AIA; the Trend Setter Award from Friends of Downtown; LEED Gold Certification; and a Silver Award from the Association of Licensed Architects. Structure Solutions LCM engineers began the vision of widespread structure, by picking an available area and thinking about structure approach. The structure is close to two squares from the nearby trains underground station and from the city transport. This cozy relationship energizes green transportation as well as it accommodated utilizes that might not have different methods of transportation and its prime area takes into consideration individuals from numerous areas to have the option to utile this element easily. Notwithstanding the thought of closeness, the carport of the structure has assigned spaces that consider electric vehicles to be energized for use. As clients approach, the structure incorporates two control drop offs consistently added to take into consideration clients originating from road level and for wheelchair lifts to have an immediate course to the fundamental structure entrance[4]. Being in a colder atmosphere of the United States, modeler Catlin formulated an answer for manage frosted walkways in the winter a long time by structuring a warmed solid walkways and sufficiently bright methodologies. These highlights lead legitimately into the passage of the structure that is isolated by two arrangements of sliding entryways that open straightforwardly off the walkway. These entryways have a wide opening of sixty creeps to take into account simple versatility or two wheelchairs in passing. When you enter in to working for get to living, its very much structured inside hall space and furniture determination leaves you no sign that this space is all around planned. LCM modelers and there group of planners brought close thought into their inside decisions being still, small voice of dividing, materials, hues and designs so this really was an all around tolerating space. All inclusive plan has a cozy relationship to human factor and ergonomics. As a procedure the two of them endeavor to consider the capacities and restrictions of clients when building up an item or building an environment.[5] All of the furniture originated from the Steelcase, so a select piece could be copied in a few structures to incorporate with arms/without, movable or essential frameworks that supported change as important. Utilizing a solitary producer line took into consideration a wide scope of seating decisions to peruse and stream flawlessly. Inside this design sufficient space is giving for whe elchair move capacity and joining inside an individual or huge gathering association. Numerous seat statures are incorporated for clients everything being equal and leeway beneath a portion of the seating is available to permit the client to push up to the standing situation with their leg muscles[6]. A custom element inside the anteroom is the front counter; Lehner calls attention to that the meeting room underscores the all inclusive structure. An individual moving toward the front counter in a wheelchair ought to have a similar capacity to utilize it as an individual who doesnt have a handicap. That is the reason behind the whole structure nobody utilizes a secondary passage or side entryway, and nobody utilizes a slope. Everyone comes in a similar entryway and utilizations the equivalent elevators[8]. Special to most front counter, the essential measurement is at a wheel led open counter stature of (29-30 AFF)[9]. In light of the guided way to deal with the work area knee and toe space is deliberately planned and accommodate. The front counter does likewise incorporate a little segment at the standard stature of 42. Much thought was providing for the gathering side of the work area since this would be the essential and full time client of the millwork. The work area keeps up t he counter tallness and electrical outlets are put at the parts of the bargains contradicted to across to limit the requirement for clients to strain to reach across counter range. The worker likewise is given an entirely open way to deal with their work station and a turning span inside, taking into consideration a 360 degree wheelchair turning range. Past the front counter, smart considerations of widespread standards are used to help with client move capacity all through. Two lifts with twofold section focuses permit clients to move rapidly in and out without the need of turning inside a little bound space. The lifts are likewise enormous enough to help four wheelchairs inside. Alongside the boost of portability inside the lift Architect Catilin joined cutting edge crisis use innovation for the hard of hearing and head of hearing and develop lift catches put at a general open stature. Every one of the floors of the Access Living Company, are shading coded so clients can without much of a stretch distinguish area and bearing. This shading coding process is an awesome apparatus to help the little youngster to older and individuals with all clocks. This would likewise take out the disappointments of getting off the lift on an inappropriate floor, as such a large number of us have done. Once on a story clients, will see abundant flo or space as to not to feel compelled by close furniture designs and for wheelchair passing. The high traffic and regions of departure are brilliantly condescended with a story fringe that lines the dividers so the outwardly weakened can undoubtedly use this device to move through the floors. To a client with no sight disabilities this essentially shows up as an aesthetical component in view of how well it incorporated all through. This element is a prime case of how widespread structure standards don't featuring the distinctions of clients. Impediments In planning the Access Living headquarter LCM Architects, brought about numerous snags in making a space that was general, practical yet in addition stylishly and practically useable. With their essential spotlight on making an all inclusive space they immediately discovered that what works for one incapacity doesnt consistently work for another,[10] Lehner says. As an all inclusive planner you should figure out how to adjust the combination of housing so they are not influenced by a specific client. That is no place more obvious than in the ground surface. LCM found through research that covering, in spite of prevalent thinking, serves individuals with MCS by catching contaminants that would some way or another stay airborne. It likewise offers footing for individuals utilizing sticks. Be that as it may, covering can be hard to haggle with a wheelchair, says Catlin[11] This is an incredible exercise to be educated on the grounds that when individuals think a handicap they time and a gain just consider wheelchair clients. In the wake of choosing a texture that designer Catlin thought would be ideal for the entirety of the clients in the space he immediately needed to come back to the planning phase after one representative had an epileptic seizure from the extraordinary designing of the deck. This is one case of the numerous challenges looked in this task in planning for the general population, however Catlin cures this issue by introducing an increasingly quieted design through the structure while as yet guaranteeing there was still enough differentiation on passage fringes to assist direct with peopling with visual impairments[12]. End In spite of the fact that they are a part of clients there are wheel seat bound we should consider and know that there are innumerable debilitations that cause all clients to have various necessities and manners by which they use a space. Planning a widespread space you should have a comprehension of that and recall that you are not structuring for laid out client however thusly everybody turns into your client. It is regularly extremely hard to make and structure a useful arrangement that all individuals will esteem easy to understand, which is the reason modelers and planners appear to steam away from this standard. Catlin outlines that not exclusively can configuration be a stylishly satisfying general

Changes In Culture Business Organisations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About Changes In The Culture Of Their Business Organizations? Answer: Presentation The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, otherwise called the ANZ, is one of the five biggest fruitful organizations in Australia. The bank is likewise the biggest organization in New Zealand. The organization was framed out of the Bank of Australasia, while it set up its first Melbourne office in 1838 and its central command in New Zealand. The bank gives a scope of administrations to an assorted pool of customers. Starting today, the organization is publically recorded with right around 376,813 investors and a workforce of 35,000 individuals. The organization serves in excess of 6,000,000 clients all through the world. The organization exhibited astounding execution brings about 2008 in any event, when the year was intense for the worldwide money related industry. ANZ was never this effective all through its establishment. During the mid 1990s, the bank was confronting various issues, for example, terrible obligations, poor association, representative assurance and poor consumer loyalty rates. Subsequent to encountering such terrible showing and working environment conditions, the organization named John McFarlane as the CEO of the bank in the late 1990s. It was under the initiative of the new CEO and his newly shaped supervisory crew that the bank had the option to resuscitate its market position and become fruitful through a progression of arranged changes and changes. Primary highlights of authoritative change during McFarlanes residency at ANZ Bank Perhaps the main motivation behind the overall accomplishment of ANZ Bank was the arranged changes or the authoritative change that the new CEO of the organization, McFarlane, was going to present over some undefined time frame. The change program executed by the new CEO, alongside his new supervisory crew, had certain highlights that helped the administration in guaranteeing a fruitful change and strengthen the adjustments in the more extended run. A portion of the highlights of the authoritative change program actualized by McFarlane are given underneath: Above all else, the change program actualized during the residency of McFarlane was a very much structured change the board program that focused the whole association overall. The change program included all the partners in the change and was appropriately structured before it was executed. The new CEO of the organization had the option to comprehend the job that the way of life of the working environment plays in the general execution of the representatives and believed hierarchical culture to be a highest need while arranging the change program. By welcoming a think-tank to direct a study on the errors between the current bank esteems and culture, the new CEO ensured that they could distinguish those regions where the organization required changes. Through such activities, the new administration had the option to find that there was an excessive amount of organization and chain of command in the association, which was thwarting the presentation levels of the representatives. accord ingly, the changes program was intended to realize changes in the estimations of the association based on representative sources of info while the current qualities had been fuse into the way of life by the ranking directors. Also, the new administration detailed a devoted breakout and social change group to help the administration in executing the arranged change methodologies. Breakout workshops were masterminding in which the representatives were made increasingly mindful of their qualities, the estimations of the association and how they had an impact in driving their conduct. Such breakout units helped the new administration in ceaselessly diagnosing the conduct of the workers and recognizing the impact that the changes were having on the partners. Further, the breakout groups went about as change facilitators, which are a need for expanding the odds of accomplishment of a change program. Thirdly, the new administration of the organization had the option to execute an exhibition the board framework, which helped it in expanding the achievement pace of its transformational methodologies. The organization utilized execution scorecards and key execution markers to survey the presentation levels of the workers across different fields, for example, money related, client, and so on. The presentation the board framework was isolated into three sections for example execution arranging, execution training and execution evaluation (Henshaw, 2011). The administration planned a successful exhibition the executives plant that deliberate the correct presentation goals utilizing the correct exhibition markers and measurements. Such a viable exhibition the board framework helped the organization in guaranteeing more noteworthy odds of accomplishment in its change the executives activities (OGBA, 2009). At long last, the administration followed a successful way to deal with guarantee association wide help from the partners during the transformational program, which could somehow or another lead to the disappointment of the program. The new administration at the ANZ organization followed a top-base just as a base to top change execution technique that guaranteed more prominent trust and correspondence among the partners (Cummings, 2013). In this way, the capacity of the administration to set up trust and impart the change program obviously to the partners helped it in guaranteeing a more prominent achievement rate for its change program. Difficulties for supervisors in actualizing change systems It is frequently said that a change isn't the issue, protection from change is. An association can encounter an assortment of changes that can affect singular units, forms and now and then on the whole association all in all. Social change is an association wide change that affects the whole association all in all and is viewed as one of the most troublesome changes to be executed in any association. Social changes can achieve changes in work jobs and duties, tasks, managing customers, purchasers and providers, and so on. Subsequently, social changes get a lot of opposition from the partners and the administrators liable for actualizing a social change needs to confront various difficulties in their endeavors to accomplish a fruitful change. A portion of the difficulties that the administrators working in organizations like the ANZ and attempting to actualize a social changes face are examined beneath: Most importantly, when the change is connected with the way of life of an association, it turns out to be hard for the directors to manufacture association wide trust and build up viable correspondence systems, which was additionally a test that the administration of ANZ Bank confronted while endeavoring to realize changes in their association culture. Building trust and conveying the change program is one of the most significant mainstays of accomplishment while attempting to change the way of life of an association and in their nonappearance, the partners can make alarm because of dread of the obscure and can offer a lot of protection from the change program (RICK, 2015). Thus, it can get hard for the directors to actualize a social change effectively and can bomb in their endeavor to accomplish a fruitful progress. Furthermore, social changes can likewise include adjustments in the activity jobs and obligations of specific representatives, which can additionally result into an adjustment in their capacity status or business as usual. Such a condition can trigger a great deal of protection from the change program as the representatives taking a shot at the highest position may feel a danger to their forces and can offer exceptionally solid protection from the change the board program (BRADFIELD, 2006). Further, social changes can likewise include end of certain activity profiles from the hierarchical chain of importance, which can create worry among the workers and can affect their presentation levels. Accordingly, it turns into a significant test that the administrators face while attempting to change the way of life of their associations. Thirdly, it is a characteristic inclination of individuals to oppose changes as they bring them out of their customary ranges of familiarity. If there should be an occurrence of social changes, clearly the whole association should experience a significant change, which will bring a great deal of representatives out of their usual ranges of familiarity (Ryan, 2014). Accordingly, the workers offer a higher protection from such changes that can have an immense and an enduring effect on their employments. Along these lines, this is another test that the supervisors attempting to change the way of life of an association will undoubtedly confront. In conclusion, social changes likewise become a test for the chiefs on the grounds that a discussion about social change can start a great deal of gathering elements and governmental issues inside the association. A culture of an is characterized as the manner by which an association completes its work tasks and how the things are done in an organization. The way of life of an association is the main thing which ties the whole workforce together and when there is a change being gotten ready for the way of life of an association, the partners can make freeze and can turn out to be a piece of gathering elements, which can make it hard for the administrators to actualize the change techniques effectively. Characteristics of key pioneers at the ANZ Bank and job of pioneers in overseeing change programs A pioneer is an individual who has the right stuff to cause the others to follow and complete things by keeping them roused. An incredible pioneer is the person who can possibly bring the best out of his supporters and contribute more towards the general accomplishment of an association. The manner by which, under the administration of John McFarlane, the ANZ Bank developed as one of the top organizations in the zones where it had its tasks unmistakably demonstrates the proficiency and viability of John as a pioneer. During his ten-year residency, John end up being effective in expanding the consumer loyalty rates, higher staff commitment, network acknowledgment or more all, pivoting the

Common App Essay Prompts to Rock Your College Application

If your student is filling out the Common Application for college, they are going to encounter the Common App essay section. Here, students are presented with a group of prompts, giving them direction as they write.By choosing the right Common App essay prompt, your student can rock their college application. To help them along the way, heres what they need to know about the Common Application essay.What is the Common App Essay?When your student fills out the Common Application for college, they will have an opportunity to write a personal essay to go along with the other information in their profile. A personal essay isnt like an academic essay. Instead of showcasing their knowledge of a topic, personal essays allow students to share details about themselves, their life, their perspective, their struggles, and their triumphs.Students who write a Common App personal essay are seizing an opportunity to tell their story. The goal is to give the admissions department insight into who th ey are and why they would make an excellent addition to that schools student body. Through the Common App essay, schools have a chance to get to know the applicants, and that helps them make smart admissions decisions.What Are Common App Essay Prompts?When a student fills out the Common App for college, there is a writing section in the application. In that area, students will find essay prompts, a group of preselected topics that The Common Application (the non-profit organization behind the Common App) believes will help colleges make sound admissions decisions.Students can choose the prompt they feel best showcases why a college admissions department should want them to attend. This gives the applicant a degree of power, ensuring they have a chance to tell their story. After writing an essay to align with one of the prompts, that essay can be submitted along with the other details in their Common Application profile.What is the Common App Essay Word Limit?There isnt a hard-and-fa st word limit for the Common App essay. However, The Common Application recommends staying around the 650-word mark.Usually, 650 words gives students a reasonable opportunity to craft a comprehensive response, ensuring they can convey their story without having to cut any beneficial details. The recommended Common App essay word limit also helps to keep students from getting too wordy, essentially encouraging them to write a thorough yet concise piece that is designed to be as impactful as possible.Is the Common Application Essay Mandatory?Technically, the Common Application essay isnt mandatory. Students dont have to write one to complete the must-do portions of their profiles.However, that doesnt mean a Common App essay wont be required by many of the schools. If your student wants to apply to a college that makes the essay a must-submit part of the application, then it is mandatory if your student wants to be considered for admission there.Additionally, even if it isnt required, that doesnt mean your student shouldnt write a Common Application essay. Your student can include it in their application to any school, and it may increase their odds of being accepted if it is well written and helps them stand out from other applicants. While the essay would be considered optional in this scenario, its usually best to submit it.Do the Common Application Essay Prompts Change Each Year?While the Common App essay prompts for the 2019-2020 application year are the same as the ones used in 2018-2019, that doesnt mean the questions always remain the same. The prompts can change from one period to the next, so students dont want to make assumptions about the topic ahead of the official prompt announcement.However, in early 2019, the Common App blog did discuss the reasoning behind the decision to keep the previous years prompts. It highlighted the fact that the current ones gave students a significant amount of flexibility, making it easier for them to tell their story w hile meeting the Common Application requirements. Additionally, it mentioned the benefit of students being able to roll over accounts from the 2018-2019 period, ensuring that planning and preparation for the new batch of applications were easier to manage.Common App Essay Topics for 2019-2020 ApplicationsFor 2019-2020, students completing the Common App essay have seven prompts to choose from, giving them the ability to select a topic they feel they can best address. Here is a look at the prompts.1. Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.This prompt gives students an opportunity to discuss a passion of theirs or a bit about their history. It can be big or small, as long as it is meaningful.2. The lessons we take from obstacles we encounter can be fundamental to later success. Recount a time when you faced a challenge, setb ack, or failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?If overcoming an obstacle shaped your student in a fundamental way, this is a prompt that allows them to discuss that specific part of their story.3. Reflect on a time when you questioned or challenged a belief or idea. What prompted your thinking? What was the outcome?This College App essay question is all about beliefs and ideologies. Its one of the harder prompts to use, as keeping the essay positive and avoiding preachiness is challenging. But it can also give your student a chance to discuss something deeply personal.4. Describe a problem youve solved or a problem youd like to solve. It can be an intellectual challenge, a research query, an ethical dilemma anything that is of personal importance, no matter the scale. Explain its significance to you and what steps you took or could be taken to identify a solution.With this question, students can showcase their problem-solving skills, passions, an d perspective. It can also give your student room to be creative or highlight a unique idea.5. Discuss an accomplishment, event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others.This prompt gives students a chance to discuss anything that helped them grow as a person, no matter how big or small the catalyst may seem to be.6. Describe a topic, idea, or concept you find so engaging that it makes you lose all track of time. Why does it captivate you? What or who do you turn to when you want to learn more?Here, students can focus on their passions and interests. Additionally, it gives them a chance to discuss their motivations as well as provide insights into how they learn.7. Share an essay on any topic of your choice. It can be one youve already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design.If your student wants to discuss something that isnt covered in a prompt above, heres an option for them. It provi des the utmost flexibility, ensuring any student can tell their story, no matter what it is.How to Write a Great Common App EssayWriting a great Common App essay doesnt happen by accident. Instead, it requires a bit of time, energy, and planning.Start with Self-ReflectionAfter reading the Common App essay prompts, your student should take a moment to reflect on each one. Doing a little bit of brainstorming can help them identify points they would cover if they moved forward with various prompts. Then, it may be easier to choose one that they feel allows them to best share their story in a meaningful way.Get OrganizedOnce your student chooses a topic, they need to organize their thoughts. Usually, its wise to write down the main ideas they want to cover. In most cases, each point will be its own body paragraph, which will be comprised of a few sentences each.Next, they can consider how they want to transition between the points, making the essay cohesive and coherent. Readability is essential in an essay, so the main ideas need to be presented in an order that seems logical. Additionally, they need to use clever segues to shift from one point to the next, creating additional flow.Write a DraftAfter figuring out what they want to cover, its time for your student to write. During the first draft phase, its more important to get their thoughts expressed than to avoid errors. Its allowed to be rough, so your student should let their passion guide them while respecting their original outline.If they want to be particularly engaging, they should use the show, dont tell approach. Typically, this involves using a storytelling style, sharing examples and scenarios that convey the message. Its all about painting a word picture, making it easy for the reader to visualize what occurred.Additionally, your student should favor active voice, as it is more likely to keep the readers interest. Its also smart to avoid clichs, as these are overused and are considered tired.Review and RefineAfter the initial draft is written, its time to edit. Your student should review the essay and refine it.At this stage, focusing on being clear and using excellent grammar, punctuation, and spelling is wise. A muddied message or veering off-topic isnt going to impress an admissions committee. Similarly, spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors dont make a great impression. They need to review the essay to see if changes create better flow and to fix any mistakes.At times, reading the essay out loud can be beneficial. Often, its easier to hear a problem than to spot it while reading. Using text-to-speech software can be helpful as well, as your student can listen for issues.Your student may also want to get an outside opinion at this juncture. Its often hard for students to examine their essay objectively, so asking someone they trust like a teacher, guidance counselor, or tutor to lend a hand isnt a bad idea.Save the Common App Essay ResponseOnce the essay is reviewed and refined, your student needs to save it, ensuring it is a part of their Common App profile. Then, they can submit it along with their applications with just a simple click or two.While preparing a Common App essay takes time and energy, this little piece of writing can make a big difference. Thats why its worth doing, even if a college doesnt require it. After all, standing out from the crowd is critical during the college admissions process, giving your student a stronger chance of getting into their first-choice college.Pin11RedditShareLeave a Comment

International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2831 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The international laws governing the non-renewable natural resources of the continental shelf and the deep seabed Introduction In an age of growing mineral scarcity, we are now turning to the non-renewable resources of the seabed as an alternative to land-based reserves. At present the global consumption of fossil fuels exceeds 80 million barrels of crude oil a day (Lamb 2008), and given that the ocean covers 71% of Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surface, most of these reserves are underwater. Consequently, with the depletion of land-based reserves and economic vulnerability arising from a dependency on foreign oil (Groves 2011), the petroleum industry has set out to exploit the untold, vast resources of the deep seabed (Wilson 1982). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Law and Non-Renewable Natural Resources" essay for you Create order In response to a growing interest in deep-sea resources, the question of who has a right to exploit these resources and to what extent can these rights be enjoyed was raised in the Third United Nations Conference of the Law of the Sea convened in 1973 (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). With over 160 nations, the conference finally came to an end in 1982 and the resulting convention was enforced in 1994. The convention introduced a number of new provisions, the most significant being the delimitation of maritime zones. However, UNCLOS also established a legal regime to control the exploitation of mineral resources of the deep sea-bed outside of national jurisdiction, where the convention expressly conferred the International Seabed Authority (ISA) power to regulate all activities therein (Ribeiro 2013). In the space of just a few years, the deep-sea has emerged as a key source of new reserves, such that offshore production of petroleum and gas now account for 6 percent of global prod uction as of 2013.Yet, the exploitation of deep-sea non-renewable resources is not solely limited to oil and gas. With growing exploration of the deep seafloor, many types of non-renewable mineral-rich resources have been discovered, and their formation, occurrence, and economic viability will be discussed in greater detail. This report describes the economically valuable non-renewable resources of the deep seabed, the laws governing their exploitation, and a historical perspective on the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ objection to Part XI of UNCLOS. Classification of natural resources In maritime law, the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ describes the potential for materials to occur, while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reservesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are proven deposits of known abundance and volume (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Thus, offshore resource estimates described in this study are not a definitive assessment of total reserves available for exploitation (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Nevertheless, it is important to distinguish resource type because they can differ significantly in their conservation and exploitation regimes; UNCLOS operates specifically within the context of renewable and non-renewable natural resources. A renewable resource is that which can be naturally replaced or replenished, either through biological reproduction or naturally occurring processes. However, these resources are susceptible to depletion through overexploitation. Another type consists of renewable energy resources; these sources are continuously available and not noticeably affected by human consumption and include solar, geothermal, and wind power. A non-renewable resource is that which exists in a limited supply and its rate of replenishment is insufficient to offset economic extraction in a meaningful time-frame. One example is carbon-based fossil fuel, as their rate of formation through geological and biological processes is extremely slow, occurring over mil lions of years. Consequently, resources from an exploitation perspective are classified as renewable when their rate of recovery exceeds that of consumption, while the opposite holds true for non-renewable resources. Classification of mineral resources of the deep seabed Offshore exploitation has become increasingly feasible through technological advances and the main types of mineral deposits with economic value occurring on or beneath the deep seafloor include: placer deposits, polymetallic sulphides (PMS), manganese nodules and crusts, and hydrocarbon (petroleum and gas) deposits (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These non-renewable resources have a long term formation period and occur mainly through natural geological, chemical, and hydrological processes. Marine placer deposits Placer deposits are accumulations of heavy metallic minerals and gemstones that form as a result of gravity separation during sedimentary processes and form mostly in high-energy environments, in cluding wave, river, and tidal motion (Murton 2000, Unies and marins 2004). These minerals can contain economically important elements including: tin, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, barium, and gold. The principle gemstone is diamond (Unies and marins 2004). During the last glacial period, (18,000 ya), the sea level dropped by almost 120 meters and fluvial (river) placers extended to the present-day continental shelf(Murton 2000). But with subsequent sea level rises, most of these deposits became buried with sediment and now make up the marine placer deposits of commercial interest. However, given that placer minerals are generally confined to locations near their fluvial source, most of these deposits typically fall within the Exclusive Economic Zone of coastal states and are under national jurisdiction (Murton 2000). Polymetallic sulphides (PMS) These deposits are large bodies of ore containing high concentrations of base and precious metals, including: copper, zinc, l ead, gold, and silver. With seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, PMS formation is associated with the increased hydrothermal and volcanic activity at these regions (Murton 2000). Consequently, PMS deposits are found along most major tectonic plate boundaries(Murton 2000). Hydrothermal fluid seeps into chambers under the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and are heated by the molten rock. The metal-laden water is discharged from the black smokers into the water column at high temperatures (400 °C). As the plume mixes with cold seawater, the metal sulphides precipitate on to the chimneys and surrounding seafloor, where they form large deposits ranging from thousands to 100 million tonnes (ISA 2008). Despite their great depth (in excess of 2,500m) and remote offshore locations (Murton, Parson et al. 2001), these deposits have attracted the interest of the mining industry and exploration has begun. As of 2013, Nautilus Minerals is the first commercial operator granted a mining le ase for PMS deposits, and is currently exploring high grade copper-gold deposits in the territorial waters and EEZ of Papua New Guinea (ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts During the expeditions of the British Oceanographic Ship HSM Challenger (1872-1876), manganese nodules were discovered on the deep seabed in most oceans of the world (King 1981, Murton, Parson et al. 2001). These nodules can range in diameter from millimetres to tens of centimetres and are formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese around a core (Murton 2000). They contain economically valuable concentrations of manganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Several processes are involved in the formation of nodules, the most prevalent being: the hydrogenous and biogenic precipitation of metals, the diagenetic transformation of sedimentary rock, and the deposition of metal-rich sediment from continental erosion (Murton, Parson et al. 2001). Although these processes can occur c oncurrently during the formation of a single nodule, they grow at a rate of one molecular layer every three months, making it one of the slowest geological processes known to man occurring over millions of years (ISA 2008 cob). Manganese crusts are formed through the precipitation of minerals on to the flanks and summits of seamounts, ridges, and plateaus and can form layers up to 25 centimetres thick (ISA 2008). Overall, manganese nodules and crusts cover an estimated 2 % of the seafloor (6.35 million km2) and can achieve high densities, with an average of 10kg/m2 in areas of the Central Pacific (Murton 2000, ISA 2008). Manganese nodules and crusts are a significant source in cobalt, an economically important metal used in super-alloys, solar cells, conductors, laser systems, and fuel cells (ISA 2008). Their abundance, composition, and occurrence as loose material on the seafloor, make nodules and crusts an attractive incentive for mining (Murton 2000). The global resource of m anganese nodules may contain upwards of 150 billion tonnes (King 1981), with an estimated cobalt value of 12,000 trillion US dollars, using 2001 raw commodity prices (Murton 2000). Deep seabed resources: a historical perspective Before World War II, coastal states had national sovereignty and jurisdiction over territorial waters, which extended three nautical miles[1] from the shore as a form of customary law (Carter et al. 2007). Yet, no consensus had been reached regarding national jurisdiction over resources of the seabed beyond territorial seas. When the Challenger discovered manganese nodules in the late 19th century, the doctrine of res nullius applied; such that the resources of the seabed belonged to no one and could be subject to state appropriation (King, 1981). However, with the potential for commercial activity and offshore resource development in subsequent years, the process to claim greater seabed territory had begun. In 1945, President Truman issued Proclamatio n 2667, which asserted U.S. rights to explore and exploit resources of the seabed outside of the three nautical mile limit. This proclamation essentially stated that the resources of the seabed and subsoil of the continental shelf were exclusively US property. Other nations followed suit, which resulted in a customary law of the continental shelf later codified with UNCLOS I in 1958 (Shackelford, 2009). At this time, developing countries had a monopoly over land based mineral suppliers, where the biggest sources of cobalt were coming out of the mines in Zaire and Zambia (Wilson, 1982). The United States on the other hand relied heavily on foreign sources and had to import cobalt, manganese, and nickel to meet their industrial needs. Consequently, with the growing realization that mineral resources were finite, the seabed beyond the continual shelf gartered newfound attention by developed nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" particularly the cobalt-rich manganese nodules of the deep seabed. Nevertheless, competing with the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ desire to reduce its dangerous dependence on foreign and politically unstable mineral sources, were the desire of developing countries to assure equitable access to the resources of the deep seabed as a method of alleviating their perceived economic imbalances (Wilson, 1982). A consensus began to develop among the international community that the deep seabed and its resources should be subject to the doctrine of res communis: belonging to all (King, 1981). As the US began to claim areas of the seabed for exploitation, newly independent developing countries were becoming a powerful force influencing international relations. As their numbers increased, so did their demands for an equitable approach to global natural resources, and in light of the technological advances possessed by the United States, they sought to keep industrialized countries from monopolizing the deep seabed (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). Nev ertheless, the controversy as to which policy should control the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed essentially remained unresolved (King, 1981). Under the doctrine res communis, the Maltese ambassador Arvid Pardo believed an effective international regime was necessary to govern the deep seabed; one which would take into account the needs and interests of developing nations and also that of future generations (Guntrip, 2003; Shackelford, 2009). As a result, Pardo proposed that the deep seabed should be declared a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Common Heritage of Mankindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  during the twenty-second General Assembly of the United Nations (1967). Reaction to the proposal was mixed; developing nations endorsed the CHM principle, while developed nations like the United States rejected it (Guntrip, 2003). While deliberating, the General Assembly drafted a number of resolutions regarding the resources of the deep seabed including the Moratorium Resolution[2] and the Declarat ion of Principles[3]. Adopted in 1969, the Moratorium Resolution banned all activities pertaining to the deep seabed until an international regime was established. However, developed nations -particularly the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom opposed the moratorium provisions, believing it would jeopardize their many offshore mining investments (Guntrip, 2003). Being neither a member of UNCLOS I (1958) or UNCLOS II (1960), the United States viewed the resolution as a recommendation, not an obligation, and did not consider itself legally bound by the moratorium (Guntrip, 2003; King, 1981). The Declaration of Principles, adopted in 1970, attempted to outline the rules governing the use of the deep seabed and was met with little opposition. It acknowledged that the existing laws of the sea treaties did not provide adequate legal regimes for the exploration and exploitation of the seabed (citation). In addition, the resolution declared the deep seabed a common heritage of mankind and beyond state appropriation (citation). Laws of the Seas Treaty The debate over offshore mining served as an impetus for the third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (1982) and the establishment of the International Seabed Authority (1994) under Part XI of the convention. The primary purpose of UNCLOS III was to establish legal regimes that would regulate the exploration and exploitation of all renewable and non-renewable resources of the high seas and the seabed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Areaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  beyond national jurisdiction. Held from 1973 to 1982, the convention ultimately resulted in the adoption of 320 articles, with the overall participation of 160 nations. UNCLOS is considered by some to be the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“constitution of the oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Groves, 2011) and it effectively defines the rights and responsibilities of all member nations and covers all ocean-related activities. Under the convention, all coastal states are ent itled to maritime zones over which they have some form of jurisdiction and rights, including: a territorial sea (12 nm); a contiguous zone; an exclusive economic zone (200nm); and a continental shelf that may extend past the 200 nautical mile delimitation. These zones must be measured from a baseline, which could be derived from the natural low water mark along a coast or through the use of straight-lines when the coast is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable. The continental shelf and its extensions Nevertheless, UNCLOS gave birth to a key provision that established the concept of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Continental Shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in international law; here defined as the natural prolongation of the seabed and subsoil to the outer edge of the continental margin. The legal continental shelf extends out to a distance of 200 nautical miles from its coast or further if the shelf naturally extends beyond that limit. When the continental shelf exceeds 200 nautical miles, the coastal state must make a submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). The Commission assesses the proposed outer limits of the shelf and the technical and scientific data provided before making a final recommendation. The continental shelf delimitations established by a coastal State based on these recommendations are legally binding. Nevertheless, the Convention does include certain criteria governing the establishment of the extended continental shelf and its outer limits. The extensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outer limits cannot exceed 350 nautical miles from the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s baseline, nor exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 meter isobath, which is a line connecting points of equal underwater depth. UNCLOS provisions draw distinctions between the submerged lands of the continental shelf based on its relation to the exclusive economic zone delimitation. Under UNCLOS, the seabed and subsoil inside the 200 nautic al mile limit falls within the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exclusive economic zone. Therefore coastal states have exclusive sovereign[4] rights over the exploration, exploitation, and management of its continental shelf and the mineral resources therein. Their rights are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal state chooses not to explore or exploit their continental shelf, foreign states or organizations cannot undertake these activities without the express permission of the coastal state. Furthermore, it is within their right for a coastal state to deplete their mineral resources; they are under no obligation to adopt conservation regimes[5] governing their exploitation. But unlike the full sovereignty a state has over its territorial seas, sovereign rights over the continental shelf are not absolute. As an example, coastal states cannot prevent foreign states from laying submerged installations (like pipes and cables) within this zone. Furthermore, a coastal state cannot impe de the conduct of organizations or foreign states that wish to explore the continental shelf for peaceful and scientific purposes. They may, however, withhold consent if the research is for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, involves drilling into the continental shelf, or the use of explosives. In addition, coastal states must adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment that arise from seabed activities. These regulations must, at a minimum, meet the established international standards set out by UNCLOS Part XII and MARPOL[6]. In addition to the rights and restrictions previously described, Article 82 introduces a provision specific to the extended à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ continental shelf (ELCS). Once having claimed an ELCS, the coastal state must make payments and contributions to the International Seabed Authority on all extracted mineral resources. However, if a developing state i s a net importer of a mineral resource produced from its ELCS, the developing country may be exempt from making payments in respect to this resource. Annual payments begin after the first five years of production at a given site on the ELCS. Starting with the sixth year of production, the payment rate is set to one percent of the extracted resource value. This rate increases by one percent with each successive year until the twelfth year, after which payment is set to seven percent for all subsequent years. [1] 1635 Mare John Selden proved that the sea was capable of appropriation as State territory, restricting maritime jurisdiction to the distance within which cannon range could protect it. [2] Resolution 2574D [3] Resolution 2749 [4] Coastal state has the full right and power to govern itself without interference from outside sources. [5] Coastal states must adopt conservation regimes to protect living resources from over-exploitation and depletion. [6] The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers the prevention of pollution by ships from operational or accidental causes

Supply Side And Trickle Down Economics - 1356 Words

Reaganomics—also known as supply-side and trickle-down economics—is an economic policy practiced by presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover in the twenties and most recently, by the fortieth president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Just like the state of the economy before Reagan stepped into office, the economy of the United States today is in a vulnerable place. The economy has taken multiple blows over the last few years: a recession in 2008, a close call in 2011, and an overwhelming deficit. Most Americans are looking for something to change. While some are advocating for an increase in the government’s power in order to step in and seemingly help the people, the way for the government to truly succor†¦show more content†¦As Reaganomics was effective in the past, it can still be today. The federal government should cut tax rates for not only the people, but also for businesses to promote people to spend their money, th erefore it goes back into the system, helping the economy grow. When Ronald Reagan became the president of the United States in 1980, he took on the worst economic mess since the Great Depression. The United States was involved with the Cold War with the Soviet Union, mortgage rates were two and a half times that of the amount in 1960 (15.4%), seven million Americans were unemployed, the national debt was $934 billion dollars, and tax rates skyrocketed as high as seventy percent (Reagan, â€Å"The State of the Nation’s Economy† 290). Reagan’s predecessor Jimmy Carter planned to fix this dreadful economy of the 1970s with a tax increase of fifty billion dollars, whereas Reagan knew that the best way to fix the economy was with tax decreases. Under the Reaganomics program, â€Å"tax rates were to be cut by thirty percent. Tax revenues were to be reduced by forty-four billion dollars in 1982 and eventually result in a $500 billion reduction over the next five years. Never before in the history of the nation had a president prop osed reducing taxes by so much for such a long period of time† (Wilson 25). Reagan’s tax cuts involved a greater decrease for the wealthy, but everyone else also received massive tax relief. Reagan’s idea was that when the

Leonardo Da Vinci quotes Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci quotes Essay Painting is poetry that is seen rather than felt, and poetry is painting that is felt rather than seen. A painter should begin every canvas with a wash of black, because all things in nature are dark except where exposed by the light. Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return. Study without desire spoils the memory, and it retains nothing that it takes in. The painter has the Universe in his mind and hands. I love those who can smile in trouble Learning never exhausts the mind. As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so a life well spent brings happy death. Nothing can be loved or hated unless it is first understood. The noblest pleasure is the joy of understanding. Art is never finished, only abandoned. The function of muscle is to pull and not to push, except in the case of the genitals and the tongue. The deeper the feeling, the greater the pain The greatest deception men suffer is from their own opinions. I thought I was learning to live; I was only learning to die.

The Problem of Evil Augustine and Irenaeus Essay Example

The Problem of Evil: Augustine and Irenaeus Paper Explain how the theodicy of Irenaeus differs from that of Augustine. One of the main arguments used by non-believers against the existence of God is the presence of evil and suffering in the world. The term ‘evil’ is often used to describe something that is morally wrong. Philosophers make a distinction between moral evil and natural evil. Moral evil results from human actions that are morally reproachable, and Natural evil results from the malfunctioning of the natural world, which produces entities such as disease and famine. St Augustine (354 – 430CE) based his arguments on the Bible, especially the accounts of the creation and the fall in Genesis. His influential theodicy rests upon two major assumptions; evil did not come from God since God’s creation was faultless and perfect, and evil came from elsewhere and God is justified in allowing it to stay. Augustine started from the assumption that God is wholly good and that God created a world free from faults. Following the teaching in Genesis 1, Augustine emphasised that ‘All God has made pleased Him’; suffering and evil were therefore unknown. He made the logical point that it is not possible for God to be responsible for evil since evil is ‘not a substance’. Instead, evil refers to what is lacking in a thing; it is a ‘privation of good’. Augustine used the analogy of blindness, which is not an entity in itself but an absence of sight. If God cannot have created evil, Augustine traced its origin to those areas within the world that have free will; specifically, angels and human beings. These abused God’s gift of freedom and chose wilfully to turn their attention away from God, the supreme good, and to idolise instead ‘lesser goods’. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Evil: Augustine and Irenaeus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Evil: Augustine and Irenaeus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Evil: Augustine and Irenaeus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In keeping with the story of the fall in Genesis 3, he argued that the desire for power proved too much for Adam and Eve, who were tempted by Satan, a fallen angel, to break God’s command and to eat the forbidden fruit. Having explained the origin of evil, Augustine went on to show that all suffering is a fully deserved consequence of human sin. Natural evil originated from the loss of order within nature following the first sin. This destroyed the delicate balance of the world. From then on, there was to be hostility between humans and other creatures. Humans would have to battle constantly to grow enough food. Pain, such as that resulting in childbirth, entered the world, along with death. The first sin also caused the world to become distanced from God. In this new and damaged environment, remote from God, moral evil flourished and spread. Augustine concluded his theory with a reminder of God’s grace: if God was simply just, everyone would go to their rightful punishment in Hell. Through His grace, however, God sent His son to die on the cross so that some might be saved and go to Heaven. This shows that God is merciful as well as just. Irenaeus (c. 130 – 202CE), as with Augustine, traced evil back to human free will. He differs in that he admits that God did not make a perfect world and that evil has a valuable role to play in God’s plan for humans. Unlike Augustine, Irenaeus admitted that God is partly responsible for evil. His responsibility extends to creating humans imperfectly, and making it their task to develop to perfection. This idea is based upon Irenaeus’ interpretation of Genesis, where God said, ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. ’ Irenaeus concluded that at first, humans were made in God’s image and only later would develop into His likeness. For Irenaeus, being in God’s image involved having intelligence, morality, and personality, yet it lacked completion. Completion would only be gained upon transformation into God’s likeness. It was Irenaeus’ claim that evil was an essential means to this transformation. Irenaeus explained that humans did choose evil, which is why the fall occurred. But although evil clearly makes life difficult, it nevertheless is beneficial in that it enables us to understand what good is; â€Å"How, if we had no knowledge of the contrary, could we have instruction in that which is good? † – Irenaeus. Having explained the necessity of both potential and actual evil, Irenaeus looked ahead to Heaven, where everybody will have completed the development into God’s likeness, and where the sufferings on Earth will have been long forgotten.

Aksum the African Iron Age Kingdom

Aksum the African Iron Age Kingdom Aksum (also spelled Axum or Aksoum) is the name of a powerful urban Iron Age Kingdom in Ethiopia that flourished between the first century BC and the 7th/8th centuries AD. The Aksum kingdom is sometimes known as the Axumite civilization.   The Axumite civilization was a Coptic pre-Christian state in Ethiopia, from about AD 100-800. The Axumites were known for massive stone stelae, copper coinage, and the importance of their large, influential port on the Red Sea, Aksum. Aksum was an extensive state, with a farming economy, and deeply involved in trade by the first century AD with the Roman empire. After Meroe shut down, Aksum controlled trading between Arabia and Sudan, including goods such as ivory, skins, and manufactured luxury goods. Axumite architecture is a blend of Ethiopian and South Arabian cultural elements. The modern city of Aksum is located in the northeastern portion of what is now the central Tigray in northern Ethiopia, on the horn of Africa. It lies high on a plateau 2200 m (7200 ft) above sea level, and in its heyday, its region of influence included both sides of the Red Sea. An early text shows that trade on the Red Sea coast was active as early as the 1st century BC. During the first century AD, Aksum began a rapid rise to prominence, trading its agricultural resources and its gold and ivory through the port of Adulis into the Red Sea trade network and thence to the Roman Empire. Trade through Adulis connected eastward to India as well, providing Aksum and its rulers a profitable connection between Rome and the east. Aksum Chronology Post-Aksumite after ~AD 700 - 76 Sites: Maryam SionLate Aksumite ~AD 550-700 - 30 Sites: Kidane MehretMiddle Aksumite ~AD 400/450-550 - 40 Sites: Kidane MehretClassic Aksumite ~AD 150-400/450 - 110 Sites: LP 37, TgLM 98, Kidane MehretEarly Aksumite ~50 BC-AD 150 - 130 Sites: Mai Agam, TgLM 143, MataraProto-Aksumite ~400-50 BC - 34 Sites: Bieta Giyorgis, Ona NagastPre-Aksumite ~700-400 BC - 16 known sites, including  Seglamen, Kidane Mehret, Hwalti, Melka, LP56 (but see discussion at Yeha) The Rise of Aksum The earliest monumental architecture indicating the beginnings of the polity of Aksum has been identified at Bieta Giyorgis hill, near Aksum, beginning about 400 BC (the Proto-Aksumite period). There, archaeologists have also found elite tombs and some administrative artifacts. The settlement pattern also speaks to the societal complexity, with a large elite cemetery located on the hilltop, and small scattered settlements below. The first monumental building with semi-subterranean rectangular rooms is Ona Nagast, a building that continued in importance through the Early Aksumite period. Proto-Aksumite burials were simple pit graves covered with platforms and marked with pointed stones, pillars or flat slabs between 2-3 meters high. By the late proto-Aksumite period, the tombs were elaborated pit-graves, with more grave goods and stelae suggesting that a dominant lineage had taken control. These monoliths were 4-5 meters (13-16 feet) high, with a notch in the top. Evidence of the growing power of social elites is seen at Aksum and Matara by the first century BC, such as monumental elite architecture, elite tombs with monumental stele and royal thrones. Settlements during this period began to include towns, villages, and isolated hamlets. After Christianity was introduced ~350 AD, monasteries and churches were added to the settlement pattern, and full-fledged urbanism was in place by 1000 AD. Aksum at its Height By the 6th century AD, a stratified society was in place in Aksum, with an upper elite of kings and nobles, a lower elite of lower-status nobles and wealthy farmers, and ordinary people including farmers and craftsman. Palaces at Aksum were at their peak in size, and funerary monuments for the royal elite were quite elaborate. A royal cemetery was in use at Aksum, with rock-cut multi-chambered shaft tombs and pointed stelae. Some underground rock-cut tombs (hypogeum) were constructed with large multi-storied superstructures. Coins, stone and clay seals and pottery tokens were used. Aksum and the Written Histories One reason we know what we do about Aksum is the importance placed on written documents by its rulers, particularly Ezana or Aezianas. The oldest securely dated manuscripts in Ethiopia are from the 6th and 7th centuries AD; but evidence for parchment paper (paper made from animal skins or leather, not the same as parchment paper used in modern cooking) production in the region dates to the 8th century BC, at the site of Seglamen in western Tigray. Phillipson (2013) suggests a scriptorium or scribal school may have been located here, with contacts between the region and the Nile Valley. During the early 4th century AD, Ezana spread his realm north and east, conquering the Nile Valley realm of Meroe and thus becoming ruler over part of both Asia and Africa. He constructed much of the monumental architecture of Aksum, including a reported 100 stone obelisks, the tallest of which weighed over 500 tons and loomed 30 m (100 ft) over the cemetery in which it stood. Ezana is also known for converting much of Ethiopia to Christianity, around 330 AD. Legend has it that the Ark of the Covenant containing the remnants of the 10 commandments of Moses was brought to Aksum, and Coptic monks have protected it ever since. Aksum flourished until the 6th century AD, maintaining its trade connections and a high literacy rate, minting its own coins, and building monumental architecture. With the rise of the Islamic civilization in the 7th century AD, the Arabic world redrew the map of Asia and excluded the Axumite civilization from its trade network; Aksum fell in importance. For the most part, the obelisks built by Ezana were destroyed; with one exception, which was looted in the 1930s by Benito Mussolini, and erected in Rome. In late April 2005, Aksums obelisk was returned to Ethiopia. Archaeological Studies at Aksum Archaeological excavations at Aksum were first undertaken by Enno Littman in 1906  and concentrated on the monuments and the elite cemeteries. The British Institute in Eastern Africa excavated at Aksum beginning in the 1970s, under the direction of Neville Chittick and his student, Stuart Munro-Hay. More recently the Italian Archaeological Expedition at Aksum has been led by Rodolfo Fattovich of the University of Naples ‘L’Orientale’, finding several hundreds of new sites in the Aksum area. Sources Fattovich, Rodolfo. Reconsidering Yeha, c. 800–400 BC. African Archaeological Review, Volume 26, Issue 4, SpringerLink, January 28, 2010. Fattovich, Rodolfo. The Development of Ancient States in the Northern Horn of Africa, c. 3000 BC–AD 1000: An Archaeological Outline. Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 23, Issue 3, SpringerLink, October 14, 2010. Fattovich R, Berhe H, Phillipson L, Sernicola L, Kribus B, Gaudiello M, and Barbarino M. 2010. Archaeological Expedition at Aksum (Ethiopia) of the University of Naples LOrientale - 2010 Field Season: Seglamen. Naples: Universit degli studi di Napoli LOrientale. French, Charles. Expanding the research parameters of geoarchaeology: case studies from Aksum in Ethiopia and Haryana in India. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Federica Sulas, Cameron A. Petrie, ResearchGate, March 2014. Graniglia M, Ferrandino G, Palomba A, Sernicola L, Zollo G, DAndrea A, Fattovich R, and Manzo A. 2015. Dynamics of the Settlement Pattern in the Aksum Area (800-400 BC): An ABM Preliminary Approach. In: Campana S, Scopigno R, Carpentiero G, and Cirillo M, editors. CAA 2015: Keep the Revolution Going. University of Siena Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p 473-478. Phillipson, Laurel. Lithic Artefacts as a Source of Cultural, Social and Economic Information: the evidence from Aksum, Ethiopia. African Archaeological Review, Volume 26, Issue 1, SpringerLink, March 2009. Phillipson, Laurel. Parchment Production in the First Millennium BC at Seglamen, Northern Ethiopia. The African Archaeological Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, JSTOR, September 2013. Yule P. 2013. A Late Antique Christian king from ?afar, southern Arabia. Antiquity 87(338):1124-1135.

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example n household organisation, handful rare articles on extraordinary behaviour such as children’s sweet, vegetarianism and health food buying, and important, mainly overlooked, historical evaluation of the changes in food habits in the UK and France (Wiessner & Schiefenhovel 1996). Historical documentations of food provision have a tendency to put emphasis on either the general levels of consumption in a particular society, on issues of extreme poverty and starvation, or on specific food provisions, such as sugar. Merely a handful of the common books on the food habits of the British people focus on the commercial condition of meals. Fast foods, restaurants and espresso bars are mentioned very occasionally in the directories of such writings. For instance, Burnett (1989) provides an inclusive synopsis of transforming behaviour in the UK ever since the momentous Industrial Revolution, explaining how disparities in class and ethnic backgrounds affected forms of diet and general norms of nutrition, and though there are informative and helpful concise sections on altering trends of eating out, merely an insignificant fraction of a sizeable book is dedicated to meals taken outside of the home (as cited in Fine et al. 1996: 82). General historical narratives of food habits and consumption in the United States have had used more mentions of the practice and, since the practice or habit of buying and consuming food on commercial vicinities is more traditionally established, the United States is better provided with literatures of both its historical and geographical distribution. Yet, literature remains inadequate. Therefore, this paper will explore and analyse available literature on food habits and food consumption behaviour of individuals in the various parts of the world, but particularly in the Western region, through the application of various theories of consumption. Outlooks of the West towards consumption have consistently been divided. On the one hand,

The Right to Euthanasia for the Terminally Ill Essay

The Right to Euthanasia for the Terminally Ill - Essay Example This position will be arguable from various points. To begin with, the right to life is one of the universal laws. This means that individuals possess the entitlement to live at all costs. However, this is a fundamental argument that does not address issues further than the same. It is arguable that the previous lives relied on fundamental laws in order to steer their vast lives. This helped compromise on a significant part of their lives. A possible example concerns with the concentration in trade that triggered creating laws on associations and trade. This is because the world was moving from the agricultural age to industrial one. This recognizes the fact that advancement of society requires legislations of new laws in order to accommodate the same (Forman & Scumann, 2008). In these laws, there was the recognition that there was more to life than just the same. This means that quality of life was more vital than survival. Individuals underwent substantial suppression in the event of satisfying the fundamental entitlement of life. Their cases of oppression became invalid to the respective governments as long as they had their life. This means that when quality of life ceases, it becomes rational to seek other ways (White, 2005). In the cases of individuals, who are under substantial pain and chronic illness, they deserve termination of lives. In most cases, individuals consent to their deaths. This refers to the concept of assisted death. In archaic sense, individuals’ rights were based on their relation to the societal sense. This means that society first received its entitlements before the individuals acquired the same. However, society has been known to be an abstract term that does not entail substantial information about the same. This led to the jeopardy of individuals’ life for the sake of society’s heritage (Dyck, 2005). The focus of the new strategy regarded a focus on individuals’ scenarios. This led to the elimination o f the idea that all individuals could hold the same rights. In turn, legal bodies enhanced laws for specific scenarios and individuals. In this case, even legal entities had their laws that could deviate from the main legal requirements of the country or governable units. In turn, individuals may consent to their own termination of life. In this case, one’s personal rights surpassed national laws that could jeopardize one’s own quality of life. It is vital to note that one’s won personal reasons would be valid because they would request for euthanasia. In fair legal scenarios, national laws would be invalid in guiding such scenarios because such individuals would not live with satisfaction. In addition, it is vital to consider the scenario and the rights of family members in case of relatives in case of relatives in indeterminable coma. In such cases, such family members share deep financial and psychological stress (Gorsuch, 2009). The patients do not face any psychological stress since they would be in numb states. The problem of such scenarios concerns the fact that medicine describes life as a simple life of breathing. It is notable that most patients, in indeterminable coma, never rise up to life again. In such situations, relatives bear financial burden that would rive them to debts. Most governments, who enforce the right to life, would not subsidize such fees. In addition, the families face psychological str

Exxon Valdez †Continuing Case Essay Example for Free

Exxon Valdez – Continuing Case Essay Many years ago, Raymond Baumhart the greatest sociologist questioned organization people, What does ethics mean to the business world? Some people believe that Ethics is a kind of feeling which would give the knowledge about right or wrong situation on the basis of religious beliefs. While other argues the prior view admitting that it simply the level of behaviour society accepts and the law requires. â€Å"Ethics is a study of moral standards whose explicit purpose is to determine as far as possible whether a given moral standard is more or less correct (Manuel G. Velasquez, 2006)† Standpoint March 24, 1989, one of the Exxon Valdez, a loaded oil tanker with 52 million gallons crude oil runs in Prince William Sound, spilling 11 million gallons of oil. The government was strongly feeling about the environmental damage, to the fishery and the life of people involved there. Output That was bad luck for the wildlife, approximately 30,000 birds and 2000 sea others lost their lives. More than $2 billion spent just to clean it up and paid millions of dollar to the fishermen. Ethically, Exxon lost image in the world and about 40,000 credit cards destroyed in protest. Ethical Issues It was truly horrific, the longer that marine animal is setting in oil the more they were dealing with death. Consumers lost their faith in Exxon and faced opposition from the world. The affected area has not fully recovered. The control over the ethical situation This was the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. After a week, CEO Lawrence Rawls wrote apology note in all newspapers. In addition they began cleanup immediately after the situation occurred. Many of the ethical issues and dilemmas in international business are rooted in the fact that political systems and laws differ from nation to nation. In the international business setting, the most common ethical issue involve employment practices and corruption. According to the given case of Castle Cook, â€Å"whistle-blower† would be able to file the lawsuit in a federal court. The plaintiffs alleged claims under the violation of the â€Å"Foreign Corrupt Practices Act† The jurisdiction in this case can enable the person thus empowered to act towards, and in what manner this power may be exercised. In Subject matter jurisdiction thus empowers â€Å"whistle-blower† to act toward certain kinds of legal questions, whereas in Personal jurisdiction, the foreign country employee lives out of state, the court must look at the contacts with the state. Going into a state regularly to conduct business is usually sufficient for the court to obtain jurisdiction. (The Le ctric Law Library,2014) References The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2014, from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml The Lectric Law Librarys Lexicon Personal Jurisdiction, Retrieved September 4, 2014, from (http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/p211.htm) http://crab.rutgers.edu/~sambhary/International%20Bussiness%20Environment/notes/IBe%20Ch%2004%20Ethics.pdf In 1989, the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil around the cost of Alaska; it caused one of the worst oil spills in the United States history. The Exxon Valdez continues to suffer from last 25 years and still paying off for the incident. The Exxon was to be sued by many individuals and businesses within state or federal court as required, as per the administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, for the Environmental regulations law comes under both state and federal court. Some company sued under the law of business losses within the federal court. Sea Hawk Sea foods, Inc, having a seafood processing business on Prince William Sound in Valdez, Alaska sued the Exxon shipping company under the law of business losses. The court dismissed the case with the advice of federal admiralty  law (9th Cir.1994). Fishing industry filed the complaint again Exxon. In 1994, the Exxon was initially ordered to pay $5 billion by federal court, which was reduced in federal appeal in 2006 to $2.5 billion. In 2008, The United States Supreme court had decided to cut down the damage by $500 million as Exxon has already spent approximately $2 billion for cleanup and recovery (New York Times, 2010). The Exxon shipping co continues with the lesson, even after paying all these damages and standing for a long time in the federal and Supreme Court of the United States. References The district court also removed more than 160 other state law cases relating to the oil spillEyak Native Vill. v. Exxon Corp., 25 F.3d 773, 774 (9th Cir.1994) Retrieved September 5, 2014, from (http://openjurist.org/484/f3d/1098/in-re-the-exxon-valdez) New York Times, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1989), August 3, 2010 07-219Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker (2/27/08), Retrieved September 5, 2014, from (http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/07-219.pdf)

In The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl by Ray Bradbury and The Tell Ess

In The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl by Ray Bradbury and The Tell Tale Hear by Edgar Allen Poe, both authors have to convince the reader that the main characters is mad. How do they do that? Which portrayal is more effective? Why? 1.The two stories that are going to be compared and contrasted are 'The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl' by Ray Bradbury and 'The Tell Tale Heart' by Edgar Allen Poe. Both stories are about murder and how the murderers react after the killings. In the story 'The Tell Tale Heart,' Edgar Allen Poe writes about the murderer's obsession and fear of an old man's clouded eye that drives him to kill. When officers of the law come to question him, he imagines noises from the dead dismembered body, which forces him to admit his crime. In the second story, 'The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl' by Ray Bradbury another murder has been committed. The author uses flash backs to explain where the murderer has been so that he could wipe out all traces of his fingerprints and presence at the house, his search for gloves then his obsession with cleaning everywhere, which eventually leads to his arrest. Both stories are about obsessions, in one the obsession caused the murder, in the other the obsession was with cleaning away all traces of the murderer is present at the scene of the crime after the murder. My aim will be to show how both murderers were mad, or became mad. 2.In the story 'The Tell Tale Heart,' the murderer has no motive for murder other than his obsession. One of the old man's eyes, was clouded over and resembled a vulture's eye, so the narrator could have been mad even before he killed the old man. In 'The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl,' the murderer was driven to jealousy... ...chandelier with its long pearls of rainbow glass.' He becomes haunted by Huxley hearing once more Huxleys voice, remembering all the touchings and gesturings, before loosing control. Acton sobbed heavily he hurled the pottery against the wall' Early in the morning after the murder Acton was found in the attic the entire house was polished to a brilliance everything glittered. Everything shone, everything was bright!. On the way out Acton polished the front door knob with his handkerchief.' This showed the way he lost control after the murder and his obsesiveness led him to madness by the thought of what he had done. Although he was not mad at the beginning we could see how he became more and more mad as the story went on. This is better than the other story 'The Tell-Tale heart' when the man showed sign of madness from the beginning of the story.

Frankenstein and Lord of the Flies Essay

‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Lord of the Flies’ were written in different centuries. Analyse the similarities and discuss the differences which you have found in these texts. You should pay particular attention to characterisation, style and theme. Mary Shelley wrote ‘Frankenstein’ in the 18th Century. As there was no cinema or television available books were a widely accessible form of entertainment. Particularly fantastical texts like ‘Dracula’ and ‘Vathek’ were popular, books like these were not meant to be thought of as a portrayal of realism, this is why ‘Frankenstein’ is very unbelievable. ‘Frankenstein’ is set in a time when new science posed a threat to Christian beliefs, as society started to believe that man could be created. This all seemed very possible in the early 18th Century because Benjamin Franklin had previously invented a lightning conductor and in 1802 Galvani ran a current through a frogs legs and it produced a twitch. The thought of starting life with lightning terrified people because of the dangers it appeared to pose to endanger human life. William Golding published ‘Lord of the Flies’ in 1954, nine years after the end of the Second World War. So there were still conflicts going on between Russia and America, Golding used the idea of continuous war and portrayed it onto the island. The text concerns a group of public school boys getting trapped on an island after their plane crashes; they all have traditional upbringings and attitudes. Other books, which had previously been written such as ‘Swiss Family Robinson’ and ‘Coral Island’, featured a similar situation but with a happier ending, these types of books were all very unrealistic and fairytale like. William Golding wrote what he thought would really happen if anyone ever faced this situation. The two tribes that develop in ‘Lord of the Flies’ (Jack’s and Ralph’s) represent Hitler and the Nazi’s against the allies (America, Great Britain etc). The Italians swapped sides during the war as the Nazi’s became weaker; Sam and Eric reflect this as they join Jack’s tribe because Ralph’s is less popular. Both books have many similarities and differences between them. The main similarity is that both books are about lines of civilisation being broken revealing the darker sides of people’s characters. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ are immediately, physically desolate after their plane crashes. Nobody knows where they are and there are no adults. In Shelley’s book, the character Frankenstein chooses to be isolated as his work is more important to him than anything around him. One similarity between the two books are the characters Piggy and the ‘creature’. These two characters are both judged by their appearance. Piggy is ‘†¦shorter than the fair boy and very fat’. He has ‘†¦asthma’ and ‘†¦thick spectacles’. The ‘creature’ has ‘yellow skin’ and ‘†¦straight black lips’, in both cases we can immediately tell that they are physically different. Even Frankenstein, the ‘creatures’ creator ‘†¦dreaded to behold’ him. They both become isolated and victimised because other people see them as being different; this creates a feeling of sympathy towards both characters throughout the books. They also both have no parents as Piggy’s â€Å"†¦dad’s dead, and [his] mum†, and the ‘creature’ said: â€Å"No father has watched my infant days, no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses.† The ‘creature’ feels sadness and rejection and believes that having parents is important, this is also implicit in the case of Piggy, but the ‘creature’ has never been loved by anyone so the feeling of depression is greater. It can be argued however that, in a way the ‘creature’ has been loved as Frankenstein loved him while he was creating him. When he is brought to life the love he had previously received from Frankenstein ends. The difference between these two characters is that Piggy’s intelligence is threatening to the other boys as he has some sensible ideas that the boys do not wish to carry out. He says: â€Å"Which is better- to have rules and agree, or to hunt and kill?† The boys ignore him as they have already descended into tribalism at this point. Piggy’s intelligence is threatening because he has a very defined idea of what is right and wrong and he is a very moral person. The ‘creature’s’ intelligence is harmless as he only wishes to fit in. However, as the ‘creature’ becomes more knowledgeable he â€Å"†¦discovered what a wretched outcast† he was. He has no idea of what is right and wrong and only wants to fit in. The level of intelligence an individual has, whether it is a lot or a little can still make them isolated from others. From the start of ‘Lord of the Flies’ we can tell that Piggy wants to fit in by the way he follows Ralph. ‘Ralph disentangled himself cautiously and stole away through the branches. In a few seconds the fat boys grunts were behind him.’ He is last to put his hand up to vote for Ralph: ‘Every hand outside the choir except Piggy’s was raised immediately.’ He hesitates because although he wants to vote for Ralph he does not want to be the only one who votes for him. He wants to fit in and not be the odd one out. It is implicit that Piggy was not very popular at school as â€Å"They used to call [him] Piggy†. This is why he follows Ralph in the way he does; he desperately tries to try and make friends as he feels depressed and sad about his previous school life. He is not very attractive; this is a reflection of how people perceive him. There are not just similarities between Piggy and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein and Ralph are also similar because although they are in different situations, they both have something they want to achieve. Ralph desperately wants to be rescued from the island. He constantly tries to keep the fire going as â€Å"†¦The fire is the main thing†, because it is a signal to people to show that they are stranded. Frankenstein’s aim is to take science a step further by creating new life without using nature. They are both headstrong and both have will power to achieve what they want to. Unlike Frankenstein, Ralph sees reality as he acknowledges that if they do not try to get rescued they will die on the island. â€Å"†¦without the smoke signal we’ll die here!† Ralph is far more considerate than Frankenstein. Frankenstein does not consider the consequences of his actions and as a result of this he creates a disaster. He does not see reality as he becomes so determined to be the first person to create life. While Frankenstein is preoccupied with creating life, Ralph believes that preserving life is more important. Frankenstein can also be compared to Simon from ‘Lord of the Flies’. They are both symbolic of Christ. Simon passed ‘†¦food down to outstretched hands’ and Frankenstein stated that; ‘†¦food that I had killed, which after taking a small part, I always presented to those who had provided me.’ They are both kind and considerate and the way they give to others is much like the same way that Jesus did. Although Frankenstein has been isolated and anti social for a few years he is still amiable. Simon is surrounded by a lot of biblical images all through the book. The way that Simon appreciates the island and nature seems quite strange to the other boys. He is described as â€Å"†¦cracked† and â€Å"†¦batty†. In the same way Frankenstein gets remarks because he enjoys ‘†¦the structure of the human frame.’ and philosophy. Both Simon and Frankenstein are intransigent as they ignore any comments tackling their views. Frankenstein believes that: ‘A new species would bless me as its creator†¦ would owe their being to me.’ He wants to be worshipped and idolised for creating life like God. Simon wants to appreciate his surroundings, which God as created. Frankenstein states that; ‘No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.’ He becomes arrogant and his ego begins to swell. He wants to totally change the way in which humans are brought to life and he becomes insatiably infatuated with this. Simon willingly accepts the beauty of nature and he sees things differently to other people, like ‘the beast’ only being a fallen pilot (this shows more clarity of thought than the other boys). Unlike Frankenstein, Simon’s character is very vague, he is simply known as ‘†¦the boy who fainted’ towards the beginning of the book. He is also described as a ‘†¦vivid little boy.’ No one really understands him as he has more maturity to understand things than the other boys, but he does not have the vocabulary to express his views and feelings. Frankenstein’s character is not constant through the book. At first he is very unorthodox, as he does not consider the views or beliefs of anyone around him. Towards the end of the book he becomes remorseful as he realises that he has created a ‘†¦demoniacal corpse.’ When Simon died the ‘†¦clouds opened and let down the rain like a waterfall.’ This is pathetic fallacy as it reflects what is happening in the story. Simon is seen as God- like, and the storm and heavy rain is like God’s anger against the savage boys’ sin. It is as if they killed the good on the island and it cannot be justified or tolerated. After he is killed the language used is very calming; there was a ‘†¦trickle of water’ and ‘†¦no noise’. This is ethereal, as if Simon’s body is being taken by angels up to heaven. The way Simon’s dead body ‘†¦moved out towards the open sea’ is very heavenly. When Simon sees the Lord of the Flies for the first time, Golding says: ‘Even if he shut his eyes, the sows head still remained like an after- image†¦They assured Simon that everything was a bad business.’ It is as if Simon is getting a vision from God; the sow’s head demonstrated how the hunting has got out of control. God is warning him that what is happening on the island cannot be accepted. After this has happened it is ironic that Simon is killed for being mistaken for ‘the beast’. The message given to him was right; the hunting on the island had become a ‘†¦bad business.’ The difference between the two books is that Frankenstein is a man of science and Simon is a man of spirit. In ‘Frankenstein’ it is science against religion, where as in ‘Lord of the Flies’ the human need to survive is put against society. Another character from ‘Lord of the Flies’ who can be compared to Frankenstein is Jack. It is clear from the start that Jack will potentially be a threat from his appearance. He has ‘†¦red hair’ which signifies a fiery temper, and red is also used for warning signs, which indicate danger. Both Jack and Frankenstein become obsessive about certain things. Frankenstein becomes obsessed with creating the ‘creature’ and Jack lets hunting become his obsession. Jack begins to bring up hunting in most conversations, he said: â€Å"All the same- in the forest. I mean when you’re hunting.† He is the first to suggest that the choir form a group called ‘the hunters’ and he is always the first to lead them out into the forest to go on a hunt he insists to the other boys that meat is important. Jack becomes excited by ‘†¦droppings that steamed’ he bends ‘†¦down to them as though he loved them.’ This is clearly not natural behaviour and these are definite signs that his obsession with hunting has gone too far. Frankenstein gets so engrossed with his work that he forgets about his family. He, like Jack, becomes disturbingly infatuated with his project as he does many inhumane things: ‘[He]†¦collected bones from charnel- houses and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame.’ The word ‘profane’ is important because it illustrates the way he shows disrespect for religion. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the other religion could be classed as Ralph’s tribe. Jack does not consider the welfare of these boys and he becomes so obsessed with hunting that he forgets both his morals and the fact that the boys need to be rescued. While Jack is hunting ‘The madness came into his eyes again.’ He has the urge to kill and his obsession has got so far out of control he is losing his sanity. However, these two characters are also very different because Jack has a cruel personality; he picks on the weaker boys. Piggy is usually his victim; he singles him out for the way he looks, he says, â€Å"†¦shut up fatty† and â€Å"†¦you fat slug†. He ‘†¦smacked Piggy’s head’ and he is also very sarcastic towards him: â€Å"We mustn’t let anything happen to Piggy, must we?† His character is also very fierce; this becomes apparent from the language used. The way he ‘†¦slashed’, ‘†¦slammed’ and ‘†¦snatched’ shows he is destructive. He acts like this so that the other boys become afraid of him and do not challenge his views; he feels powerful and dominant. He gains respect from the other boys by behaving like this: ‘Jack looked round for understanding and found only respect.’ He regains the power which he lost from not being voted chief by behaving in this way, and he also feels he has control over the other boys. The boys do not always agree with him, they just ‘†¦followed him obediently’ because they are afraid of him. Jack is also like the ‘creature’ because they both show their darker sides after being isolated. Jack believes he has the qualities to be leader because he can â€Å"†¦sing C sharp.† When Ralph is voted leader, Jack immediately becomes isolated, and tension occurs between them as he constantly challenges Ralph to be leader. The ‘creature’ becomes isolated because he is not socially accepted, as he looks different. His treacherous side shows as his level of intelligence increases. He begins to feel â€Å"†¦rage and revenge† towards Frankenstein, in the same way Jack feels for Ralph. The ‘creature’ says that: â€Å"I declared ever-lasting war against the species, and more than all, against him who had formed me.† The language used here is very strong; he shows feelings of hate towards Frankenstein because he enrolled him into a world of misery. Jack and the creature both develop feelings of hatred towards the ones who have ostracised them. Some of the words used to describe Jack and Frankenstein are animalistic. When Jack is hunting it is like he almost becomes an animal, he ‘†¦sniffs the air’ and comes ‘†¦trotting back.’ When Frankenstein gets angry he ‘†¦gnashed [his] teeth and ground them together.’ They do mot appear human as they are stripped of human characteristics such as conscience and morality. This suggests that they have evil natures. These evil natures can also be shown by the inhumane killings that occur in both books. ‘Lord of the Flies’ and ‘Frankenstein’ both feature violence, death and murder. In ‘Frankenstein’ the creature becomes completely demoralized like Jack and Roger, the murders they commit are brutal, but the reader is more sympathetic for the ‘creature’ because he has never been loved and however desperately he tried to find a friend he was always rejected. The boys in ‘Lord of the Flies’ have been loved and brought up in a religious manner, so they have no excuse to kill. The boys’ deconstruction of their reality mirrors the ‘creature’s’ construction of reality. This can be shown when Simon is brutally torn apart, where as the monster is pieced together. Simon can also be related to the ‘creature’ because he has a problem, which he cannot do anything about. Simon is ‘epileptic’ and the ‘creature’ is ugly and ‘†¦8 foot tall’. These are problems, which can stop them from being like other people. In ‘Frankenstein’ the style in which the book is written is totally different than that of ‘Lord of the Flies’. There are three concentric layers, one within the other. The outer layer, which is the shortest, is Robert Walton’s letters to his sister describing his voyage to the North Pole. In the next layer Frankenstein tells the story of how he created the monster and how he abandoned it in disgust. In the third layer the ‘creature’ describes the struggle he has trying to fit in. There are also multiple storytellers in ‘Frankenstein’. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ the book has a linear narrative as it reads from beginning to end, it is narrated entirely by the author. As ‘Frankenstein’ is a gothic horror book, the murders do not come as much of a surprise to the reader, where as ‘Lord of the Flies’ features innocent, young school boys committing brutal murders. So the shock value in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is greater and indeed more horrific than that in ‘Frankenstein’. The books are also both written in a way so that the reader looses track of time. Many phrases are used in the text to imply that a lot of time has passed, like ‘Two years had now nearly elapsed’ and ‘Six years had elapsed’. This reflects the insanity that develops in the characters. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ there is a system of hierarchy, as there is only one place at the top Jack and Ralph constantly fight to be the highest so that they have power over the other boys. These boys are underneath Jack and Ralph in the hierarchy so they are not as powerful they are, this is why they follow one of them. Piggy is one of the weaker boys at the bottom; this is why he is victimised. In ‘Frankenstein’ there is no system of hierarchy, everyone in the text is considered as equal. In both books there is a role reversal. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ Ralph goes from being leader to an outcast who is left to survive on his own. Jack’s hunting tribe eventually over powers Ralph’s tribe who want to be rescued. This shows the immaturity of the boys as they forget their priorities. The role reversal in ‘Frankenstein’ occurs between Frankenstein and the ‘creature’. Frankenstein has power over the ‘creature’ while he is creating him, but when he disowns him; he is left to do what he likes. He becomes more powerful than Frankenstein (and indeed any human being) because of his sheer stature and his increased level of intelligence. Frankenstein is aware of the fact that he does not have any morals as he killed innocent children. The ‘creature’ realises this: â€Å"You are my creator, but I am your master; obey!† Role reversals are used in the text to show that the goodness in a person does not always win. I have already discussed thematic issues within characterisation, but the main theme in both books is about the darkness of Man’s soul. The evil side of man, which is inherent in everybody, can be brought out in different situations. The two books show this in different ways. ‘Frankenstein’ involves an adult world confronted with many scientific changes. ‘Lord of the Flies’ shows a world entirely populated by children who struggle to survive. However, in both books the same message is delivered; the notion of ‘society’ breaks down when there is nothing to uphold it. This is explored through the themes of isolation, difference, anger, ambition and obsession. While the boys on the island are unwillingly taken out of society’ structure and the ‘creature’ is forcefully thrust into it, the result is the same- the hidden darkness of mans soul is revealed.